British slang free essay sample

What is Slang? Slang can be described as informal, nonstandard words or phrases ( lexical inventions ) which tend to arise in subcultures within a society. Slang frequently suggests that the individual using the words or phrases is familiar with the listener s group or subgroup-it can be considered a separating factor of in-group individuality. Microsoft Encarta provinces: slang looks frequently embody attitudes and values of group members. In order for an look to go slang, it must be widely accepted and adopted by members of the subculture or group. Slang has no social boundaries or restrictions as it can be in all civilizations and categories of society every bit good as in all linguistic communications. Slang looks are created in fundamentally the same manner as standard address. As stated in Microsoft Encarta, looks may take signifier as metaphors, similes, and other figures of address. In add-on, it is noted that the words used as slang may be new mintages, bing words may get new significances, narrow significances of words may go generalised, words may be abbreviated, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on British slang or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, in order for the look to last, it must be widely adopted by the group who uses it. Slang is a manner in which languages alteration and are renewed. British slang is English linguistic communication slang used in Great Britain. While some slang words and phrases are used throughout all of Britain ( e.g. knackered, intending exhausted ) , others are restricted to smaller parts. [ 1 ] London has its ain assortments of slang, one of the most well-known of which is Cockney riming slang. Assortments of British slang Assortments of British slang 1. Rhyming slang Rhyming slang, chiefly associated with Cockney # Cockney address spoken in the East End of London, replaces a word with a phrase which rhymes with the word, for illustration, home bases of meat for pess , or turn and kink for miss . Often merely the first word is used, so home bases and turn by themselves become the colloquialisms for pess and miss . 2. Back slang Back slang is merely the pattern of utilizing words spelled in contrary, e.g. bully for male child or ecilop for constabulary . 3. Polari Polari is a assortment of slang used by cheery work forces and tribades in Britain and the United Kingdom, which has a history traveling back at least a hundred old ages. History of Slang History of Slang Slang was the chief ground for the development of normative linguistic communication in an effort to decelerate down the rate of alteration in both spoken and written linguistic communication. Latin and French were the lone two linguistic communications that maintained the usage of normative linguistic communication in the fourteenth century. It was non until the early fifteenth century that scholars began forcing for a standard English linguistic communication. During the Middle Ages, certain authors such as Chaucer, William Caxton, and William of Malmesbury represented the regional differences in pronunciations and idioms. The different idioms and the different pronunciations represented the first significance for the term # 8220 ; slang. # 8221 ; However, our contemporary significance for slang did non get down organizing until the 16th or seventeenth century. The English Criminal Cant developed in the sixteenth century. The English Criminal Cant was a new sort of address used by felons and darnels, intending it developed largely in barrooms and chancing houses. The English Criminal Cant was at first believed to be foreign, intending bookmans thought that it had either originated in Romania or had a relationship to French. The English Criminal Cant was slow development. In fact, out of the degree Fahrenheit our million people who spoke English, merely approximately 10 thousand spoke the English Criminal Cant. By the terminal of the sixteenth century this new manner of speech production was considered to be a linguistic communication â€Å"without ground or order† ( Thorne 23 ) . During the eighteenth century headmasters taught students to believe that the English Criminal Cant ( which by this clip had developed into slang ) was non the right use of English and slang was considered to be forbidden. Because most people are persons who desire singularity, it stands to ground that slang has been in being for every bit long as linguistic communication has been in being. Even so, the inquiry of why slang develops within a linguistic communication has been heatedly debated. Most agree that the inquiry is still unreciprocated, or possibly it has many replies. Regardless, there is no uncertainty that we can break explicate slang s being by analysing how and why it exists. Why Peoples Use Slang? Why Peoples Use Slang? Harmonizing to the British lexicologist, Eric Partridge ( 1894-1979 ) , people use slang for any of at least 15 grounds: 1 ) In sheer high liquors, by the immature in bosom every bit good as by the immature in old ages ; just for the merriment of the thing ; in gaiety or waggery. 2 ) As an exercising either in humor and inventiveness or in temper. ( The motivation behind this is normally self-display or snobbery, emulation or reactivity, delectation in virtuosity ) . 3 ) To be different , to be fresh. 4 ) To be picturesque ( either positively or as in the want to avoid boringness negatively ) . 5 ) To be unmistakeably collaring, even galvanizing. 6 ) To get away from clich # 233 ; s, or to be brief and concise. ( Actuated by restlessness with bing footings. ) 7 ) To enrich the linguistic communication. ( This slowness is rare save among the knowing, Cockneys organizing the most noteworthy exclusion ; it is literary instead than self-generated. ) 8 ) To impart an air of solidness, concreteness, to the abstract ; of earthiness to the idealistic ; of immediateness and aptness to the remote. ( In the cultured the attempt is normally premeditated, while in the artless it is about ever unconscious when it is non instead subconscious. ) 9 ) To lesson the sting of, or on the other manus to give extra point to, a refusal, a rejection, a retraction ; 10 ) To cut down, possibly besides to scatter, the sedateness, the ostentation, the inordinate earnestness of a conversation ( or of a piece of composing ) ; 11 ) To soften the calamity, to buoy up or to prettify the inevitableness of decease or lunacy, or to dissemble the ugliness or the commiseration of profound depravity ( e.g. perfidy, ungratefulness ) ; and/or therefore to enable the talker or his hearer or both to endure, to carry on . 12 ) To talk or compose down to an inferior, or to divert a superior public ; or simply to be on a conversational degree with either one s audience or one s capable affair. 13 ) For easiness of societal intercourse. ( Not to be confused or merged with the predating. ) 14 ) To bring on either friendliness or familiarity of a deep or a lasting sort. ( Same comment. ) 15 ) To demo that one belongs to a certain school, trade, or profession, artistic or rational set, or societal category ; in brief, to be in the swim or to set up contact. 16 ) Hence, to demo or turn out that person is non in the swim . 17 ) To be secret non understood by those around one. ( Children, pupils, lovers, members of political secret societies, and felons in or out of prison, guiltless individuals in prison, are the main advocates. )

The Earliest Toys Essays

The Earliest Toys Essays The Earliest Toys Essay The Earliest Toys Essay The evidence of toys in prehistoric times is ambiguous in that such objects as doll-like figurines, which to modern eyes may bear a similarity to toys, probably had a religious significance. Toys must have existed in prehistory, however, since children and adults universally use their imagination to create toys out of pieces of wood, straw, hide, feathers, or other materials that are easily perishable. Objects which have survived, because they were made in terracotta, and which can be more securely classed as toys have been discovered at sites in the Mediterranean, the Near East, and the Indus Valley dating from the 1st and 2nd millennia BC; these include models of animals, some in the form of pull-along toys on wheels and some with articulated parts. However, it is still difficult to tell whether miniature pots and figurines excavated from the same sites were intended as childrens toys, or as objects of religion and ritual. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the grave goods in childrens burials included dolls; particularly striking are the Egyptian paddle-dolls, made of flat, paddle-like pieces of wood that were given arms and a head; the piece was painted and the head given beaded hair. Games equipment, such as counters, dice, and marbles, also survives from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Small terracotta animals, often with moving parts or on wheels, are widely found, as are jointed figurines. Toys made of cloth have rarely survived. The use of such toys as hoops, yo-yos, and knucklebones is illustrated on Greek vases and in Greek and Roman sculpture. Universal Toys Such toys as dolls, figures of animals, balls, spinning tops, and toys with a simple mechanism are universal in that they are found in almost all cultures throughout the world. These types of toys form a significant aspect of folk art. Within the folk-art tradition, toys that execute simple movements are widely found. Among them are jointed figures sent into acrobatic antics by pressure or torsion; similar figures activated by swinging weights; toys in which opposed figures move in apparent conflict; balancing or falling toys motivated by gravity. Pecking-bird toys, for instance, in which movement is activated by weights can be found all over the world. One feature of folk toys is the inventive use of materials found readily to hand: bones, nuts, pine cones, maize cobs and ears of corn, and, in the later 20th century, tin and plastic containers and lengths of wire. The vehicles made from wire by African children show an extraordinary ability to model three-dimensional forms. It is in eastern regions of Europe and in India, Africa, China, and Mexico that the folk tradition of toymaking is the most vigorous today. Miniature carved utensils and wooden toys continue to be made by the rural populations of eastern Europe, particularly in parts of the former Yugoslavia. Toys made of natural materials and produced by traditional methods feed a demand in the West for individualistic, handmade goods, which contrast with the mechanically mass-produced toys, made overwhelmingly of plastic, that are manufactured by multinational companies. The Middle Ages to 1800 The few toys that survive from the Middle Ages in Europe have usually been found in excavations. These are often games pieces and earthenware figurines, but many are toys made of cast metal. The craftsmen who made pilgrimage badges could as easily produce toy soldiers, such as the famous 14th-century example in the Musi e de Cluny, Paris. Written references to toys are a reminder that children, then as always, could make their own toys; the 15th-century poem Ratis Raving mentions a girl making a doll from a cloth, and children constructing dens from sticks and stones. Among the most frequently illustrated toys in illuminated manuscripts and early printed books are windmills and hobby horses, which, used in play imitating the activities of the adult world, could provide an introduction to the culture of chivalric warfare. After the Middle Ages, evidence of the manufacture and marketing of toys emerges in Germany, in areas where woodcarving was a traditional craft. Toys were among the many productions of the carvers of Oberammergau, in Bavaria, who were active from the early 16th century. A busy carving community in another Alpine village, Berchtesgaden in Austria, also produced toys among much other carved work in the 17th to 19th centuries. On the southern side of the Alps, the Gri den valley, now in the Italian Tyrol, supported a vigorous toy industry from the 18th century. Further north, two areas enjoyed toymaking booms in the 19th century: the Meiningen uplands around Sonneberg in Thuringia, where papier-mi chi was a favourite medium; and, eastward, the Erzgebirge mountains around Seiffen, where woodturning was a speciality. These areas dominated the world toy trade well into the 20th century. Nuremberg, more or less equidistant from each, became their trading centre, from where toys were exported throughout Europe. Throughout this time toymaking remained chiefly a cottage industry. Wholesalers, whom the cottage industries supplied, initially carried with them quantities of samples to show potential buyers. In time, rather than demonstrating the range of their goods through samples, wholesalers began to produce catalogues, illustrated by copper engravings and, later, lithographs. The early 19th-century catalogues of the Nuremberg dealer Georg Bestelmeier show quite complicated toys that reflect contemporary life-market stalls, kitchens, stables, farmyards, barracks. Later catalogues illustrate multitudes of small picturesque figures, both of people and of animals, many of which were too fragile to have survived. These catalogues have therefore become vital documents for toy historians. They also reveal that small-scale versions of musical instruments (fiddles, trumpets, and drums) and weapons of war (swords, guns, and bows and arrows) made especially for children were staple toys in the 18th and 19th centuries, as were hoops, tops, battledores and shuttlecocks, and similar games equipment. The manufacture of lead soldiers was pioneered in Nuremberg in the later 18th century by Hilpert, Heinrichsen, and other makers. An inventory of the merchandise of an English shop in 1681 shows that among toys available at the time were wooden horses, dogs, birds, babyes (dolls), painted boxes, trumpets, and whistles. Most were probably imported from Germany. Dutch dolls (in fact made in the Tyrol) received this name perhaps because they were exported from Germany by way of the Rhine through Holland, or perhaps because Dutch is a corruption of Deutsch (meaning German). Among the largest toys to be imported from Germany were Noahs arks, their many small animals made by the labour-saving method of shaping a length of wood on a lathe to the profile outline of a camel or lion, for example, and slicing the length of wood to produce multiple figures, which were then hand-finished and painted. Larger toys, such as dolls houses and rocking horses, which became widely available in England in the late 18th century, were made locally. It was also at this time that toyshops began to appear in England and France and that booksellers and publishers began to focus on children as a new market, issuing not only childrens books, but also paper games such as jigsaw puzzles and board games (see Childrens Games). Most early board games (where English publishers such as Harris, Wallis, and Spooner led the way) were based on the race principle, in which players follow a numbered course, moving counters according to scores obtained by throwing dice. These games were immediately made educational, for the race format could easily be adapted to convey historical, geographical, and other types of information.

Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization - Research Paper Example That may be a problem now, but in the future it is likely that labour will become more mobile and more people will come to the U.S. to work. This means that non-citizens may be applying for welfare benefits if they fall on hard times. That could be expensive and raise many peoples hackles. Already, there is criticism of the U.S. foreign aid program which suggests that is nothing but a form of international welfare, money spent with no return or even benefit to those who receive it. However, there are potential benefits to the U.S. from the process of globalization as they relate to social welfare. As the world shrinks in size, we will be able to examine other countries policies for dealing with these kinds of problems. There may well be innovative and successful programs out there that can help us if we adopt them and put them into practice. Globalization means that the world becomes smaller and it becomes easier to share good ideas. Perhaps some good ideas about social welfare will come our way too. Work consulted Barzilai, Gad. (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities University of Michigan Press. Dolgoff, R. & Feldstein, D. (2009). Understanding social welfare: A search for social justice (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn and Bacon.

Marketing plan for Al Fresco Show 2009 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing plan for Al Fresco Show 2009 - Essay Example These initiatives will be aimed at attracting a variety of people including outdoor enthusiasts and gym members as well as families and the non active ones (Guiltinan et al, 1996). Outdoor enthusiasts include individuals across all age groups who like outdoor events and live actively. Gym members are mainly young professionals who attend gym regularly, especially those who live in cities. Families and non active individuals mainly comprise children and those who do not live an active life. The Al Fresco Show 2009 will be preceded by a number of trade shows such as The Tent Show, The Outdoor Trade Show, Outdoor Preview Show and The Outdoor Show. These shows will be done in collaboration with organizations such as Media Contact Services, Outdoor Industries Association and the European Outdoor Group. The Al Fresco Show 2009 will involve a number of its existing partners such as YHA, Duke of Edinburgh, Girl Guiding UK, Ramblers Association, British Orienteering Federation, Scouts, BMC, BCU. The show also expects to partner with a number of other organizations such as Badger Trust, Countryside Agency, English Nature, John Muir Trust, Association of Long Distance Walkers, Scottish Natural Heritage, AONBs, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Diabetes UK, Canoe Camping Club, VSO, RSPB, and National Trust. The 2009 ve Love the Outdoors Campaign Love the Outdoors Campaign, which was held in 2008, and which allowed up to three children to enter free of charge, will be done again in 2009. This is because the 2008 campaign was very successful. The 2009 version will feature a number of outdoor events. First, there will be an event known as World Theatre where great celebrities including Kate Humble, Bruce Parry and Grif Rhys Jones. Second, there will be an event dubbed Discover Ireland, which will feature Irish coffee, Irish dancing and St Patrick's Day celebrations. Third, there will be an event known as Explore Britain, which will be collaboration with the various tourist boards in United Kingdom. The Wilderness Camp will be aimed at enlightening participants on conservation and survival skills. The event will be held in collaboration with the United Kingdom Girl Guiding. The Regatta Perfect spot is another event that will combine photography and walking workshops. Cumber Arms is a country pub which will also be part of the show courtesy of Jennings Breweries. Another event dubbed Theatre will be aimed at teaching the participants about GPS, navigation and mapping skills. The Bike Arena will mainly involve mountain bike demonstrations. The event will also have a Canoe and Dive Pool that will both have go-activities as well as underwater photography activities. Other events will include the VW Beach Caf, Freespirit Beach Festival, Rock Caf, Climb Zone, BMC Summit Theatre, Craghoppers Adventure Travel, the Tent City, YHA Caving Feature and Water Sports Theatre. The campaign has a number of goals and objectives. First, it is aimed at attracting more families to its show. It is also aimed at bringing new audiences to this show and sparking their interest in outdoor events. It also hopes to get new partners such as the media and other like-minded associations.

Stem Cell Research Legislation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Stem Cell Legislation - Research Paper Example By mid 2000s, many states like New Jersey allowed human cloning for for developing and harvesting stem cells from humans. However, others like Indiana and Michigan amended laws that prohibited human embryo creation or destruction for purposes of medical research (Vestal and Writer 2008). During his second term, in 2006, Bush for the first time used his presidential veto on Enhancement Act of Stem Cell Research, but it was not enacted into law. Chris Smith, a Jersey congress man, wrote the 2005 Research Act on Stem Cell Therapeutic, with some narrow exceptions, and President Bush signed it into law. When Obama took over as the US president, he removed federal funding restriction, which Bush had passed in 2001 and this only allowed 21 cell lines funding which had already been created. Contrary, the Dickey Budget Amendment in the 2009 Act on Omnibus Appropriations still bans funding by federal for creation of new cell lines. This means that the federal government can only fund research that uses hundreds of lines created by private and public funds The President’s Council (2005). Scientific Background Stem cells are found in many multicellular organisms for example hematopoietic stem cells that are multipotent and give rise to blood lineage cells. Embryonic stem cells differ from multi potent stem cells in that, they are pluripotent and hence are able to provide all body cells. The first embryonic stem cells in humans were isolated in 1998, but 1981, they had been isolated in mice (John and Joe, 2007). The cell therapy on stem cells is called stem cell treatments, which introduce new cells into bodies of humans for possible cancer, diabetes, and somatic cells treatment as well as other medical conditions. Stem cells might also be useful in cloning and they have also been used in repair of tissues that have been damaged by diseases (Neel and Silberner2008). After fertilization, according to John and Joe, (2007) a research conducted at the university of Wake Forest indicated that amniotic fluid sperm cells donated by pregnant mothers hold similar promise like embryonic stem cells. Under President Bill Clinton’s administration, NIH, in 2000 issued federal funding guidelines for embryonic stem cell research (John and Joe, 2007). Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act This was the name given to two similar bills that that passed through the house of senate and representatives in United States. President Bush vetoed the two bills but was not signed into law. Irrespective of their names, they hence remained as bills and not act. Act of 2005 was the first one to be vetoed by President Bush after five years of his inauguration. The bill however did not allow stem cell research to be funded by the federal government. If it was passed, it would have allowed new lines of stem cell research gotten from human embryos, which had been discarded and be created for treatments of fertility. The 2007 Act proposed federal legislation that could amend t he act of public health service to provide for stem cell research on human embryos. In April 2007, the bill was passed in the senate and the house by June. The 2009 act triggered more concerns on whether to enact the bill into law but was later passed by the congress in 2009. Stem Cell Research Legislation Stem cell research offers a positive to promise to the cure of certain deadly diseases like cancer and diabetes. Kirk, the Illinois republican says that it is

Moral Hazard Adverse Selection And Asymmetric Information Finance Essay

Moral Hazard Adverse Selection And Asymmetric Information Finance Essay There are many people who have an extra money and want to credit this money to make gains by investing this money, at the other side, there are many people need money to use it in many aspects of life e.g. students need money to pay for their education, home buyer need money, business financial investors also need money and so on, for all of these needed financial intermediary to play an important rule to link between investors and borrowers. There are many risk may happens if there is no intermediate between lender and borrower, information asymmetry one of these risk and in this case information between seller and buyer are different, so it leads to two issues adverse selection and moral hazard. Adverse selection is happened when the one of parties know information more than the other parties, or if the one of parties know information that the other parties not have. Moral hazard is the situation which if the two parties make an agreement about something and one of these parties no t obligate with the agreement terms. All these issues help to explain why banking institutions and other financial intermediaries exist. So, lets go to talk about financial intermediaries and how it can help individuals to deposits and loans by using the easiest way without high level of risk. Also, in we will talk in the following about the terms Information asymmetry, Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard. Financial Intermediaries: Financial intermediary is institutions that take money from investor and depositors and give this money to the borrowers as loans, the main aim from these institutions to link between the depositors whom are seeking for credit and borrowers whom are seeking loans from financial institutions. There are many forms of financial institutions like investing banks, life insurance companies, saving loans associations, building and loan associations, commercial banks, credit unions and investment companies. (Investor Directory) Using financial intermediaries in investing give the investors many advantages, let us to talk about the two main advantages, first, making investing through financial intermediaries could reduce the risk of these investments, because directly the investor not have a large base to give his loans, so in this case there is bad diversify, therefore the investor will face a high risk, but by using financial institutions as middleman to invest money we find that the diversify is good, because these institutions have a big base from lenders and borrowers and it invest in a different business which dont have a relation between it. In this case we have a good diversify, so the risk will decreased more than if we investing directly. Second, also financial intermediaries help to give savers the liquidity, liquidity is the ability to convert assets into money (cash) quickly. For example if an individual saver lent someone (borrower) money to but house or asset, and in an argent case he needs hi s money, in this case there is a house now not money, so it is very difficult to convert this asset to cash quickly, it takes a lot of time to do that. But with financial intermediaries could help the saver by giving him the money that he need by provide him the liquidity very quickly than individual, if the financial intermediary doesnt have liquidity at that moment, it can obtain help from the government or another financial institution. (Ingrimayne) The economic business is depend on that all individuals whom owned an economic relationships have a perfect knowledge, also may have similar predictions about the future prospects. But in real, the both parties of each relationship suffer from incomplete information, sometimes they suffer from information asymmetry situation which means the probability of happening the future actions is randomly. the situation that have a different information between the both parties leads to conflict in interests of both parties who have the relationship, therefore this leads to uncertainty which represents in moral hazard and adverse selection. (M. A. Al-Garny) Asymmetric Information Information asymmetry means the situation where there is information which knows to some parties but not to all parties. Asymmetric information can lead to different in the cost between internal and external finance, e.g. seller is know an information on the subject of the quality of assets will be disinclined to agree the conditions offered by buyer who has less information about that asset, this may cause market break down, or may be also cause buying the asset in low price, but if all buyers and sellers have complete information, the situation here will be different. (WSU) Also information asymmetry makes market turn into inefficient, because information is not available to the entire market participant, thus they cant make a good decisions for their businesses. (Investor Words) There are two issues that caused by Information asymmetry, adverse selection and moral hazard. We will talk about these two Issues at the following: First: Adverse Selection Adverse Selection, negative selection or anti-selection is a term which simply means a situation where the buyer and seller have different information about the some aspects of product quality. (Wikipedia) For example in the firms managers and other insides may know more information (about the current position of the firm and the future prospects of the firm) than the outsider investors, in this case the outer information may differ than the inside information, therefore the solution for this problem in this situation is by issuing financial reports to insure the information transferred perfectly from inside firm to the outside investors to help them to make good decisions. (Money Instructor) George Akerlofs in his paper The Market for Lemons located two answers for adverse selection problem, signaling and screening. Michael Spence proposed the suggestion of signaling to solve the information asymmetry problem. In this situation, it is potential for people to indicate their style, therefore credibly transferring information to the other party. Joseph E. Stieglitz the first one who put the screening theory. In this way the under informed party can make the other party to know their information. Sometimes the sellers may know information better than the buyers, like peoples who sale used car, life insurance transactions, real estate agents, realtors, mortgage brokers and loan originators, and stockbrokers. And sometimes the buyers may know information better than the sellers, like the man who sale old art pieces with no previous expert evaluation or health insurance customers of a range of risk levels. (Wikipedia) Second: Moral Hazard The concept of moral hazard comes from insurance industry. Moral hazard is an idea saying that the person will take risk if he has an incentive to do that, therefore the person will ignore some morality aspects of his selection. Instead, he will do what will increase his profits. Anyone knows the tradeoff between return and risk, if he takes risk there may be consequences. The indifference comes when the risk comes without consequences. Also we can define moral hazard as if someone or party that has insurance cover may be further ready to take risks than the other who does not, e.g. if there is a person who has a car and his car is insured against stealing may be more not careful about dropping the probability of stealing than other would has been without such insurance. This point exactly tells us why insurance companies need to overtake (the amount of an appeal driven by the insurer person) majority claims, and decrease premiums rapidly as overtaking growing. It is also why insurer is extremely cautious about the assessment of what he insures and why he is not lawfully necessary to give more than the actual cost of what he cover. Moral hazard also is able to occur at the outer of insurance. Banks and financial institutions over and over again include embedded state guarantees (not official or lawfully obligatory guarantees, other than a common prospect which they are too significant to be unsuccessful). This creates a motivation used for the administration to take larger risks as they will profit from gambles that work, other than the state will give for individuals so as to do not. (Money Terms) Conclusion: I conclude that the financial intermediaries are able to change the risk of assets for cause that they know how to locate an answer for a market breakdown and defeat an information asymmetry problem that come up in credit markets for the reason that borrowers be acquainted with superior concerning their plan than lenders do. Also the financial intermediaries exist to help in solving many issues as we said in this paper. It plays the middleman rule in linked between the borrower who need to finance in his business and lender who want to investing and gain profits taking into account the important rule of this institutions by save the lender from asymmetric information, adverse selection and moral hazard. Because the main issue from its foundation is to collect information about borrowers and this job not easy. This issue is very costly for individuals (small lenders) but when there is financial intermediaries can help the lender to insure where he can invest his money without risks if he gives his money to wrong person, by providing him full information about good borrowers, at the same time this job here doesnt cost a lot because the big size of consumers that they connected with market. On the other hand, there are also still some risks when we deal with financial intermediaries. But with some regulation and other instruction it will be decreased to minimum limit.

Human Interaction via the Internet :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Human Interaction via the Internet Throughout the course of this class, and more specifically the process of generating an idea for my final project, I found myself drawn time and again to the way people interact with each other electronically namely the internet. Having been involved in computers and nearly everything related for the majority of my life I have experienced a number of different tools and applications from chat rooms to online games to instant messaging that provide a means of interacting with others in a number of different ways. This experience and other concepts and ideas that Ive either read about or envisioned stood as my foundation in deciding on and formulating this project. The many methods of electronic interaction can be overwhelming. With the relatively recent emergence of online gaming we have been exposed to yet another. This form of interaction however is more involved than most. There are monsters and quests to distract you and keep you busy doing other things. This is probably not the ideal environment for the casual chat room user. On the other hand a standard chat room or even slightly more visual instant messaging programs may not hold the interest of the avid gamer. I wanted to do something that would appeal to both sides while at the same time staying true to the social interaction that from which so many of the online games tend to stray. By combining a familiar chatting environment with the visual graphics of a digital environment a hybrid experience a more engrossing experience can be achieved. Your average chat room focuses on text as the main resource for transmitting and gathering information about the many different users. In the world around us a much larger portion of perception is taken from imagery. However, we often use words and images in combination to present information that could not be conveyed by either one alone.* By combining the two, a more complete picture is formed. Likewise, by adding a world environment that each users custom, animated avatar can move around in people can express them selves in a completely new dimension that has never really been explored in a chat environment before. Not only would each user decide on a unique name, they will also be able to decide on the physical appearance of their own character. From gender to hair style and color to clothing everyone will have enough options to be able to choose a unique look all their own.

In What Respects is Twicknam Garden a Metaphysical Poem?

a) In What Respects is Twicknam Garden a Metaphysical Poem? b) How Does Donne Use Imagery Related to Nature? c) Comment on Donne's Different Attitudes to Love in One or Two Other Poems a) The term metaphysical poetry was first used to group Donne's poetry, and the poetry of his contemporaries, together because of their similar characteristics. Metaphysical poetry seeks to communicate difficult ideas as concisely as possible to the reader. Donne's poem â€Å"Twicknam Garden† can be regarded as metaphysical poetry because it contains many difficult ideas expressed concisely. For example the lines â€Å"The spider love, which transubstantiates all, and can convert manna to gall† compares love to a spider, which were thought at the time of Donne's writing to be poisonous. The lexeme â€Å"transubstantiates† refers to the change from bread and wine to the blood and body of Christ. Manna simply means soul or spirit and gall, anger. Translated into modern English, the lines mean that love, poisonous like a spider, changes something positive and spiritual into something negative and bitter. The religious reference simply elevates the poem, giving it deeper meaning. Such a complex idea expressed in few lines is typical of metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is also characterised by a line of argument being pursued throughout the poem. This is exemplified in â€Å"Twicknam Garden† as Donne maintains that love is painful throughout the poem. In the opening lines, he describes the painful effects of love â€Å"Blasted with sighs, and surrounded with tears†. The lines in the middle of the poem â€Å"let me some senseless piece of this place be† express that love is so painful for Donne that he would rather be an emotionless object than feel his pain. The final lines in the poem also express the pain Donne feels because of his unrequited love: â€Å"who's therefore true because her truth kills me† refers to the fact that fidelity of a woman to a lover other than him, is painful and metaphorically â€Å"kills† Donne. Donne's line of reasoning can be observed throughout the poem and is a standard characteristic of metaphysical poetry. Donne's use of rhythm in â€Å"Twicknam Garden† is also a classic feature of metaphysical poetry. The poem has consistent rhythm and rhyme scheme â€Å"And that this place may thoroughly be thought/ True paradise I have the serpent brought†, and also ellipsis, for example the archaic contracted form â€Å"‘Twere†, another common feature of metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry also contains many allusions to make the poetry demanding for readers. One such example in â€Å"Twicknam Garden† is the reference to the Garden of Gethsemane in the lines â€Å"These trees to laugh, and mock me to my face†. Donne compares Twicknam Garden to the Garden of Gethsemane where Jesus was mocked by soldiers arresting him, in a similar way that the trees mock Donne's pain at being afflicted by unrequited love. Such a comparison is rather tenuous and stretches metaphor to its limit. Conceits such as this however, are commonplace in metaphysical poetry The theme of unrequited love around which the poem centres is a common theme for metaphysical poets and Donne explores this theme thoroughly in â€Å"Twicknam Garden†. Donne describes love as a â€Å"spider†, meaning poisonous, and as a â€Å"serpent† because like the serpent in the Garden of Eden, the pain of unrequited love spoils the perfection of Twicknam Garden. Donne also describes the effects of unrequited love thoroughly: â€Å"weeping†, â€Å"kills me† â€Å"surrounded with tears†. This typical imagery for love poems is unusual for Donne but commonly found in metaphysical poetry. b) As the setting for the poem is a garden, there is plenty of natural imagery to be found in Donne's â€Å"Twicknam Garden†. Donne begins by stating the purpose for which he came to the garden, to cure his pain of unrequited love. Donne uses a metaphor comparing nature to a healing balm â€Å"Hither I come to seek the spring, and at mine eyes, and at mine ears, receive such balms as else cure everything.† Donne maintains that the balming effects that should be brought on by the natural beauty in the garden, are spoilt because he has brought with him the poisonous â€Å"spider love†. Donne uses a paradox in that, the natural beauty that was supposed to soothe his pain, makes it worse because it contrasts with his misery. Donne complains that the natural beauty of the garden mocks him. He wishes for night to come so that he may not be able to see the beauty of nature. Donne also wishes that winter would come to freeze the trees which laugh at him and which cause him so much pain â€Å"‘Twere wholesomer for me, that winter did benight the glory of this place, and that the grave frost did forbid these trees to laugh, and mock me to my face†. Donne then uses natural imagery in response to this: â€Å"Make me a mandrake, so I may groan here, or a stone fountain weeping out the year†. At the time of Donne's writing, mandrake roots were believed to have human properties and scream when lifted out of the ground. Donne asks to be made into a mandrake root so that he may â€Å"groan† like a mandrake at his unrequited love. He then asks to be made a fountain, to that he may weeps tears, like a water fountain, at his unrequited love. Donne asks to be made part of the garden in order to be without feeling â€Å"some senseless piece of this place be†. Donne also uses natural images at the beginning of the poem to create an abrupt opening. â€Å"Blasted with sighs, and surrounded with tears† carry connotations of the elements wind and water, because surrounded in this context means flooded. Donne uses natural imagery in order to demonstrate to the reader his pain in being a spurned lover. The main ideas behind the poem is that he is in so much emotional pain that even the natural beauty of Twicknam Garden cannot console him. c) â€Å"Love's Alchymie† has a wholly negative attitude towards love as it is a poem that brings together several negative emotions pain, disillusionment and anger. The opening image is a crude sexual reference, also demonstrated in the alliteration used, which creates a harsh tone â€Å"Some that have deeper digg'd loves Myne that I†. Women in the poem are perceived as receptacles â€Å"deeper digg'd†, â€Å"lov'd and got† which is onomatopoeic because the sexual image combined with the violent sounding alliteration is gives the impression of an assault on the woman. The perception of women as receptacles is also reinforced by Donne's imperative â€Å"Hope not for mind in women; at their best sweetness and wit, they are but Mummy posses't .† The lexeme â€Å"Mummy† means simply pieces of dead flesh but â€Å"posses't† has two meanings; sexual possession and the possession of women by evil spirits. Donne suggests that when a woman appears sweet and clever, it is in fact the appearance given by an evil spirit that has possessed her, giving the appearance of life to a dead flesh. The idyllic concept of love in paradoxically contrasted with Donne's idea of the reality of love â€Å"So lovers dream a rich and long delight, but get a winter seeming summer's night.† In these lines Donne argues that love is as cold and barren as a winter's night instead of the beautiful ideal that they wish for. It is an epigrammatic couplet, which summarises the theme of the entire poem, that love is essentially a cheat. Contrasts between the popular idea of love and the reality are also reflected in Donne's musical image â€Å"In that dayes rude hoarse minstralsey, the spheares†. The day referred to is the wedding day, which for Donne is a humiliation as he describes it as â€Å"short scorn of a Bridegroomes play†. The image of music means that the unpleasant sound of wedding music, is perceived by a lover as being heavenly music, as it was thought by Elizabethans that the â€Å"spheares†, stars, played divine music to wonderful for people to hear. The idea that love is an illusion is reiterated all through the poem as he compares a lover to an alchemist, â€Å"no chymiqe yet th'Elixar got†, because just as no alchemist found the elixir of life, the would-be lover will never find love, as all lovers do, is to turn base lust into love, just as alchemists try to turn base metal into gold, â€Å"but glorifies his pregnant pot†. The image of the alchemist is also used to show that lovers may find lust during their quest for love and be encouraged by it, just as alchemists were encouraged by discovering something which smelled sweet or had medicinal properties â€Å"if by way to him befall some odoriferous thing, or medicenall.† Donne uses a rhetorical question in order to challenge the belief of the reality of love â€Å"Our ease, our honour and our day, shall we for this vaine Bubles shadow pay†. The â€Å"vaine Buble† is love, which is described as a shadow because it is it is feeble and false. The second rhetorical question challenges the idea that love is special â€Å"Ends love in this, that my man, can be as happy as I can; if he can endure the short scorne of a Bridegroomes play?† Donne's argument is that if he, and his servant, can both experience so-called love and get married, then there can be nothing special about love as it is commonplace. The poem that differs in attitude most clearly from â€Å"Love's Alchymie† is â€Å"The Good Morrow†. It is entirely different in that it is celebration of the reality of love. It is an aubade and is although there is no dialogue from Donne's lover in the poem, there is no doubt of her presence because of the frequent use of personal pronouns â€Å"we† and references to shared experiences. The tone of the poem is joyful and teasing, established by references to immature sexual experiences â€Å"suck'd on countrey pleasures childishly†. These highlight that the lovers have moved from juvenile pleasures to real, mature love. This idea is demonstrated in the archaic cultural reference to the legend of the seven Christian boys, who were walled up in a cave to escape persecution, only to awaken to find Christianity the established religion â€Å"Or snorted we in the seven sleepers den?†. Donne's analogy is to show that the lovers have awakened, like the boys, literally, but also spiritually. The literal awakening symbolises the awakening of their souls to love so that it is a â€Å"good morrow† for the lovers in every possible way: â€Å"And now good morrow to our waking soules.† Donne acknowledges that both he, and his lover, have a past but it affectionately dismissive by using language to create a connotation of clumsiness â€Å"snorted†, â€Å"If any beauty it did see, which I desir'd, and got, t'was but a dream of thee†. The sexual image is dismissed as Donne makes clear that his lover is superior to any of the other women he has known. The passion Donne has for his lover is also reflected in his declaration that all he needs is her. He rejects the outside world's importance because for him, his lover is all that is important. â€Å"Let sea-discoverers to new worlds have gone, let Maps to other, worlds on worlds have showne, let us possesse one world, each hath one, and is one.† At the time Donne was living, new continents were being discovered and charted. In this phrase, Donne sets aside all of this because â€Å"For love, all love of other sights controules†, true love removes the desire to see other people and places, their world is now their bedroom â€Å"And makes one little room, an everywhere†. The lovers' world is now each other, and the exploration of their love is as important to them as the exploration of the New World is to travellers. The lexical repetition of â€Å"world† demonstrates how important this idea is for Donne and the repetition of the imperative â€Å"Let† reveals his fervour. The metaphor, and rhetorical, question â€Å"My face in thine eye, thine in mine appeares, and true plaine hearts doe in the faces rest, where can we find two better hemispheares without sharpe North, without declining West?† means that Donne's lover's eye reflecting him, and his eyes reflecting her, suggest that they are like the two hemispheres but without the coldness of the North, or the Western sunset which declines into darkness. The concluding lines also emphasise the strength of their love â€Å"What ever dyes was not mixed equally; if our two loves be one, or, thou and I love so alike, that none doe slacken, none can die† refers to the Elizabethan belief that death and decay come from the lack of perfect balance of elements. Donne's final point is that their love will be everlasting because it is perfectly matched and balanced in each other, since their love is reciprocated, it is immortal. The two poems are completely different in that â€Å"Love's Alchymie† denies the existence of love because it is simply glorified lust, â€Å"Oh, 'tis imposture all†, whereas â€Å"The Good Morrow† stresses of difference between lust and love â€Å"If any beauty it did see, which I desir'd, and got, t'was but a dream of thee†. Both recognise the potential pain behind love â€Å"So lovers dream a rich and long delight, but get a winter seeming summer's night† (Love's Alchymie), â€Å"watch not one another out of feare† (The Good Morrow), however â€Å"The Good Morrow† praises love whereas â€Å"Love's Alchymie† condemns it as an illusion.

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Communication Revolution essays One way in which the world has changed in the last 20 years is the global issue of the worldwide communication revolution, which allows instantaneous communication across the globe, especially via the Internet. Telephones, mobile phones, and Internet service providers have developed allowing a new and convenient gateway for social interaction, business and even political matters to be carried out virtually across the globe. E-mails have replaced the traditional letter or fax, web cams allow you to see each other while talking over the Internet and microphones allow you to have a conversation through your I.S.P. The communication revolution has brought around many positive effects. One example is easing political tension around the world. Important political figures can now resolve their differences or make important decisions without having to travels hundreds of miles or meet face to face. The business world has evolved, companies can now communicate faster, more efficiently, and therefore turn more profits. More businesses can make themselves seen through the internet, which allows a large diversity of companies to emerge. Communication companies like Microsoft and BT are turning an enormous profit, allowing them to make technological advances and offer and develop more services for the public. It also increases employment and therefore decreases poverty in more developed countries. It breaks down social and worldwide barriers, allowing people to interact across the globe; different races, cultures, backgrounds and statuses interact. However, many negative aspects have resulted in this revolution as well. Wealthier, more developed countries (in particular America), are dominating the communication culture. Therefore they are in a way exerting more control over the rest of the countries and as they are so advanced there is nobody to regulate them. Taking in consideration the rate and expansion of communication relati ...

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One of the many intriguing aspects of Shakespeare's Sonnets is the identity of the principal characters within them, of which there are three: The Young Man, the Dark lady, and the Rival Poet. Nowhere in the Sonnets are these people explicitly identified and their anonymity has spawned much debate as to who these people could have been. The content of the Sonnets that refer to these people however, undoubtedly show that these were indeed real, living people and not imaginary inventions by the author for the sake of literary exercise. â€Å"They are love poetry beyond what was considered love poetry by the Petrarchan sonneteers [†¦] they are, often, ingenious exercises in wit-verbal, rhetorical, logical. They are not in any way poems meant to be overheard. They speak, most of the time, to a persona, perhaps invented, and perhaps derived, in some way from an actual person. They are lyric poems, expressing mainly feelings that any capable reader can respond to as profound and true. But they are poems of the second voice, poems addressed to an audience of one or more [†¦] The persona of the hearer enables the reader to participate in the poem in a more active way than is possible for the [sic] over hearer [†¦] this is the kind of poem that only a dramatist could write. Even in the compass of the sonnets, all the worlds a stage†(Hallett 79). This is something that every critic of Shakespeare’s sonnets knows. But what is still questionable is who he is saying everything too. In most love poems he has a certain listener in mind. In Shakespeare’s case he writes to two people, â€Å"A young man who is fair and socially and morally superior, and a woman who is dark, dishonest, and down right damnable†(Malabika 347). Sonnets 127-152 are mostly directed to the dark lady. Shakespeare describes her as â€Å"black as hell, with black eyes and brow, and black wires in place of hair on her head†(Malabika 347). He says this about her but yet tal... Free Essays on Dark Lady Free Essays on Dark Lady One of the many intriguing aspects of Shakespeare's Sonnets is the identity of the principal characters within them, of which there are three: The Young Man, the Dark lady, and the Rival Poet. Nowhere in the Sonnets are these people explicitly identified and their anonymity has spawned much debate as to who these people could have been. The content of the Sonnets that refer to these people however, undoubtedly show that these were indeed real, living people and not imaginary inventions by the author for the sake of literary exercise. â€Å"They are love poetry beyond what was considered love poetry by the Petrarchan sonneteers [†¦] they are, often, ingenious exercises in wit-verbal, rhetorical, logical. They are not in any way poems meant to be overheard. They speak, most of the time, to a persona, perhaps invented, and perhaps derived, in some way from an actual person. They are lyric poems, expressing mainly feelings that any capable reader can respond to as profound and true. But they are poems of the second voice, poems addressed to an audience of one or more [†¦] The persona of the hearer enables the reader to participate in the poem in a more active way than is possible for the [sic] over hearer [†¦] this is the kind of poem that only a dramatist could write. Even in the compass of the sonnets, all the worlds a stage†(Hallett 79). This is something that every critic of Shakespeare’s sonnets knows. But what is still questionable is who he is saying everything too. In most love poems he has a certain listener in mind. In Shakespeare’s case he writes to two people, â€Å"A young man who is fair and socially and morally superior, and a woman who is dark, dishonest, and down right damnable†(Malabika 347). Sonnets 127-152 are mostly directed to the dark lady. Shakespeare describes her as â€Å"black as hell, with black eyes and brow, and black wires in place of hair on her head†(Malabika 347). He says this about her but yet tal...

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